llama.cpp/ggml.h

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#pragma once
//
// GGML Tensor Library
//
// This documentation is still a work in progress.
// If you wish some specific topics to be covered, feel free to drop a comment:
//
// https://github.com/ggerganov/whisper.cpp/issues/40
//
// ## Overview
//
// This library implements:
//
// - a set of tensor operations
// - automatic differentiation
// - basic optimization algorithms
//
// The aim of this library is to provide a minimalistic approach for various machine learning tasks. This includes,
// but is not limited to, the following:
//
// - linear regression
// - support vector machines
// - neural networks
//
// The library allows the user to define a certain function using the available tensor operations. This function
// definition is represented internally via a computation graph. Each tensor operation in the function definition
// corresponds to a node in the graph. Having the computation graph defined, the user can choose to compute the
// function's value and/or its gradient with respect to the input variables. Optionally, the function can be optimized
// using one of the available optimization algorithms.
//
// For example, here we define the function: f(x) = a*x^2 + b
//
// {
// struct ggml_init_params params = {
// .mem_size = 16*1024*1024,
// .mem_buffer = NULL,
// };
//
// // memory allocation happens here
// struct ggml_context * ctx = ggml_init(params);
//
// struct ggml_tensor * x = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
//
// ggml_set_param(ctx, x); // x is an input variable
//
// struct ggml_tensor * a = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
// struct ggml_tensor * b = ggml_new_tensor_1d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 1);
// struct ggml_tensor * x2 = ggml_mul(ctx, x, x);
// struct ggml_tensor * f = ggml_add(ctx, ggml_mul(ctx, a, x2), b);
//
// ...
// }
//
// Notice that the function definition above does not involve any actual computation. The computation is performed only
// when the user explicitly requests it. For example, to compute the function's value at x = 2.0:
//
// {
// ...
//
// struct ggml_cgraph gf = ggml_build_forward(f);
//
// // set the input variable and parameter values
// ggml_set_f32(x, 2.0f);
// ggml_set_f32(a, 3.0f);
// ggml_set_f32(b, 4.0f);
//
// ggml_graph_compute(ctx0, &gf);
//
// printf("f = %f\n", ggml_get_f32_1d(f, 0));
//
// ...
// }
//
// The actual computation is performed in the ggml_graph_compute() function.
//
// The ggml_new_tensor_...() functions create new tensors. They are allocated in the memory buffer provided to the
// ggml_init() function. You have to be careful not to exceed the memory buffer size. Therefore, you have to know
// in advance how much memory you need for your computation. Alternatively, you can allocate a large enough memory
// and after defining the computation graph, call the ggml_used_mem() function to find out how much memory was
// actually needed.
//
// The ggml_set_param() function marks a tensor as an input variable. This is used by the automatic
// differentiation and optimization algorithms.
//
// The described approach allows to define the function graph once and then compute its forward or backward graphs
// multiple times. All computations will use the same memory buffer allocated in the ggml_init() function. This way
// the user can avoid the memory allocation overhead at runtime.
//
// The library supports multi-dimensional tensors - up to 4 dimensions. The FP16 and FP32 data types are first class
// citizens, but in theory the library can be extended to support FP8 and integer data types.
//
// Each tensor operation produces a new tensor. Initially the library was envisioned to support only the use of unary
// and binary operations. Most of the available operations fall into one of these two categories. With time, it became
// clear that the library needs to support more complex operations. The way to support these operations is not clear
// yet, but a few examples are demonstrated in the following operations:
//
// - ggml_permute()
// - ggml_conv_1d_1s()
// - ggml_conv_1d_2s()
//
// For each tensor operator, the library implements a forward and backward computation function. The forward function
// computes the output tensor value given the input tensor values. The backward function computes the adjoint of the
// input tensors given the adjoint of the output tensor. For a detailed explanation of what this means, take a
// calculus class, or watch the following video:
//
// What is Automatic Differentiation?
// https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wG_nF1awSSY
//
//
// ## Tensor data (struct ggml_tensor)
//
// The tensors are stored in memory via the ggml_tensor struct. The structure provides information about the size of
// the tensor, the data type, and the memory buffer where the tensor data is stored. Additionally, it contains
// pointers to the "source" tensors - i.e. the tensors that were used to compute the current tensor. For example:
//
// {
// struct ggml_tensor * c = ggml_add(ctx, a, b);
//
// assert(c->src[0] == a);
// assert(c->src[1] == b);
// }
//
// The multi-dimensional tensors are stored in row-major order. The ggml_tensor struct contains fields for the
// number of elements in each dimension ("ne") as well as the number of bytes ("nb", a.k.a. stride). This allows
// to store tensors that are not contiguous in memory, which is useful for operations such as transposition and
// permutation. All tensor operations have to take the stride into account and not assume that the tensor is
// contiguous in memory.
//
// The data of the tensor is accessed via the "data" pointer. For example:
//
// {
// struct ggml_tensor * a = ggml_new_tensor_2d(ctx, GGML_TYPE_F32, 2, 3);
//
// // a[1, 2] = 1.0f;
// *(float *) ((char *) a->data + 2*a->nb[1] + 1*a->nb[0]) = 1.0f;
//
// // a[2, 0] = 2.0f;
// *(float *) ((char *) a->data + 0*a->nb[1] + 2*a->nb[0]) = 2.0f;
//
// ...
// }
//
// Alternatively, there are helper functions, such as ggml_get_f32_1d() and ggml_set_f32_1d() that can be used.
//
// ## The matrix multiplication operator (ggml_mul_mat)
//
// TODO
//
//
// ## Multi-threading
//
// TODO
//
//
// ## Overview of ggml.c
//
// TODO
//
//
// ## SIMD optimizations
//
// TODO
//
//
// ## Debugging ggml
//
// TODO
//
//
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#ifdef GGML_SHARED
# if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
# ifdef GGML_BUILD
# define GGML_API __declspec(dllexport)
# else
# define GGML_API __declspec(dllimport)
# endif
# else
# define GGML_API __attribute__ ((visibility ("default")))
# endif
#else
# define GGML_API
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#endif
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
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#define GGML_FILE_MAGIC 0x67676d6c // "ggml"
#define GGML_FILE_VERSION 1
#define GGML_QNT_VERSION 2 // bump this on quantization format changes
#define GGML_QNT_VERSION_FACTOR 1000 // do not change this
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#define GGML_MAX_DIMS 4
#define GGML_MAX_NODES 4096
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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#define GGML_MAX_PARAMS 256
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#define GGML_MAX_CONTEXTS 64
#define GGML_MAX_OPT 4
#define GGML_MAX_NAME 32
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#define GGML_DEFAULT_N_THREADS 4
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#define GGML_ASSERT(x) \
do { \
if (!(x)) { \
fprintf(stderr, "GGML_ASSERT: %s:%d: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, #x); \
abort(); \
} \
} while (0)
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#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
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#ifdef __ARM_NEON
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// we use the built-in 16-bit float type
typedef __fp16 ggml_fp16_t;
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#else
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typedef uint16_t ggml_fp16_t;
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#endif
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// convert FP16 <-> FP32
GGML_API float ggml_fp16_to_fp32(ggml_fp16_t x);
GGML_API ggml_fp16_t ggml_fp32_to_fp16(float x);
GGML_API void ggml_fp16_to_fp32_row(const ggml_fp16_t * x, float * y, size_t n);
GGML_API void ggml_fp32_to_fp16_row(const float * x, ggml_fp16_t * y, size_t n);
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struct ggml_object;
struct ggml_context;
enum ggml_type {
GGML_TYPE_F32 = 0,
GGML_TYPE_F16 = 1,
GGML_TYPE_Q4_0 = 2,
GGML_TYPE_Q4_1 = 3,
ggml : remove bit shuffling (#1405) * ggml : remove Q4_0 bit shufling (ARM NEON) * ggml : remove Q4_1 bit shuffling (ARM NEON + reference) * ggml : nibbles_from_floats() + bytes_from_nibbles() (ARM NEON) * ggml : remove Q4_2 bit shuffling (WIP, BROKEN) * ggml : remove Q5_0 bit shuffling (ARM NEON) * ggml : 2x faster scalar implementations * ggml : remove Q5_1 bit shuffling (ARM NEON + scalar) * ggml : simplify scalar dot * ggml : remove WASM SIMD bit shuffling + remove vzip for ARM 32-bit * ggml : fix Q4_1 quantization * ggml : update cuBLAS + normalize variable names * ggml : remove Q4_2 mode * ggml : minor formatting * ggml : fix Q5_0 quantization * scripts : add script for measuring the time per token * AVX implementations (#1370) * ggml : uniform 5th bit extraction * llama : produce error upon loading old model files * llama : fix model magic/version write * ggml : speed-up Q5_0 + Q5_1 at 4 threads * ggml : preserve old Q4 and Q5 formats * ggml : simplify Q8_1 - no need for low / high sums anymore * ggml : fix Q8_0 and Q8_1 rounding * Revert "AVX implementations (#1370)" This reverts commit 948d124837f9d287d8490f41338e0e4cceb0814f. * ggml : fix AVX2 implementation * sha : update hashes for 7B and 13B * readme : update timings + remove warning banner * llama : update v2 PR number to 1405 * ggml : fix WASM comments * ggml : back to original bit order * readme : add note that Q4 and Q5 have been changed * llama : fix return for unknown version --------- Co-authored-by: Stephan Walter <stephan@walter.name>
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// GGML_TYPE_Q4_2 = 4, support has been removed
// GGML_TYPE_Q4_3 (5) support has been removed
GGML_TYPE_Q5_0 = 6,
GGML_TYPE_Q5_1 = 7,
GGML_TYPE_Q8_0 = 8,
GGML_TYPE_Q8_1 = 9,
ggml : add SOTA 2,3,4,5,6 bit k-quantizations (#1684) * Starting to add k-quantization to ggml I think it is better to have quantization separate from ggml. For now just adding the k-quants there, but it would be better to also factor out the existing ggml quantizations. * Adding Q3_K and Q8_K (de)-quantization * Q3_K now working on CUDA and AVX2/scalar CUDA is not ideal - ~50% slower than Q4_0 for single token prediction, about the same in batch mode (perplexity). CPU single token is ~55 ms (on Ryzen 7950X). * Some improvement for Q3_K on CUDA It is now ~22.5 ms/token on my GPU, so ~30% slower than Q4_0. * Some more CUDA optimizations for Q3_K Single token is now 20.5 ms/token (~20% slower than Q4_0). Perplexity is on par with Q4_0. * Adding Q4_K - scalar, AVX2, CUDA Performance is the same or perhaps very slightly better than Q4_0 on the CPU. On the GPU, single token prediction is ~10% better than Q4_0, batch mode (perplexity is about the same). * Adding Q6_K - scalar, AVX2, CUDA Performance is ~40% lower compared to Q4_K on the CPU. This is to be expected, considering that we are memory bound on the CPU and the 6-bit model is ~44% larger than the 4-bit. On the GPU, single token prediction is ~6% lower than Q4_0, batch mode (perplexity) is even closer (but still slower). * Adding Q5_K - scalar, AVX2, CUDA Performance is ~20% lower compared to Q4_K on the CPU. This is to be expected, considering that we are memory bound on the CPU and the 5-bit model is ~22% larger than the 4-bit. On the GPU, single token prediction is about the same as Q4_0 for both, single token and batch prediction. * Per convention, all QX_K quantizations use Q5_K for output.weight * Adding quantization mixes * Quantization mixes: didn't quite get what I wanted in the last commit * Q4_K dot product for ARM_NEON * Q6_K dot product for ARM_NEON * Q5_K dot product for ARM_NEON * Adding Q3_K dot for ARM_NEON It is 22% slower than Q4_K, despite the smaller model size. On x86_64, where we are memory bound, the Q3_K model is quite a bit faster than Q4_K. * A very slightly faster ARM_NEON Q3_K dot * Adding Q2_K - just CUDA for now Token prediction is pretty good - about 15.5 ms on a RTX 4080. Perplexity is about the same as Q4_K. * Adding scalar and AVX2 Q2_K dot * Adding ARM_NEON Q2_K dot About the same performance as Q4_K. * A slightly faster ARM_NEON Q2_K dot Single token prediction is now ~36 ms on M2 Max. The code is much simpler too. * Fixed bug in Q2_K CUDA dot product kernel Stranegly enough, for the few prompts I tried with the 7B model the responses looked perfectly reasonable. Only realized something is not quite right when I tried the larger models and started getting nonse back. In any case, Q2_K single token evaluation time on an RTX 4080 in a Ryzen7950X box iusing CUDA and model fully loaded on the GPU are ~15.5 ms for 7B, ~25.4 ms for 13B, and ~55.8 ms for 30B. The max number of layers that fit in VRAM for The 65B is 32. With that, we get ~330 ms per token, which is not that much faster than just running on the CPU (~470 ms per token). * Don't print zeros/NaNs when no count histogram has been collected * A 10% faster CUDA vector dot kernel for Q3_K Q3_K is now running at ~18.5 ms / token on CUDA, so the gap to Q4_0 is only 10%. It seems memory acccess pattern is more important for performance than the amount of computation the kernel does. * A slightly daster Q4_K AVX2 dot product For perplexity, where we are less memory bound, time per pass drops by ~5%. Barely measurable difference for single token prediction. * A slightly faster ARM_NEON A4_K dot product * Minor * Fix quantization error test We cannot possibly be expecting rmse < 0.002 for 2- and 3-bit quantization variants. * Fix docker build I have been sloppy with vector reinterpret casts on ARM_NEON. It seems clang is very forgiving in that regard. * Added forgotten ggml.o dependence on k_quants.h to the Makefile * Had unintentionally committed the Makefile with -Ofast enabled * ggml : rename k_quants -> ggml-quants-k, use lowercase in code --------- Co-authored-by: Iwan Kawrakow <iwan.kawrakow@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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// k-quantizations
GGML_TYPE_Q2_K = 10,
GGML_TYPE_Q3_K = 11,
GGML_TYPE_Q4_K = 12,
GGML_TYPE_Q5_K = 13,
GGML_TYPE_Q6_K = 14,
GGML_TYPE_Q8_K = 15,
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GGML_TYPE_I8,
GGML_TYPE_I16,
GGML_TYPE_I32,
GGML_TYPE_COUNT,
};
enum ggml_backend {
GGML_BACKEND_CPU = 0,
GGML_BACKEND_GPU = 10,
GGML_BACKEND_GPU_SPLIT = 20,
};
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// model file types
enum ggml_ftype {
GGML_FTYPE_UNKNOWN = -1,
GGML_FTYPE_ALL_F32 = 0,
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_F16 = 1, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_0 = 2, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1 = 3, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_1_SOME_F16 = 4, // tok_embeddings.weight and output.weight are F16
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q8_0 = 7, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_0 = 8, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_1 = 9, // except 1d tensors
ggml : add SOTA 2,3,4,5,6 bit k-quantizations (#1684) * Starting to add k-quantization to ggml I think it is better to have quantization separate from ggml. For now just adding the k-quants there, but it would be better to also factor out the existing ggml quantizations. * Adding Q3_K and Q8_K (de)-quantization * Q3_K now working on CUDA and AVX2/scalar CUDA is not ideal - ~50% slower than Q4_0 for single token prediction, about the same in batch mode (perplexity). CPU single token is ~55 ms (on Ryzen 7950X). * Some improvement for Q3_K on CUDA It is now ~22.5 ms/token on my GPU, so ~30% slower than Q4_0. * Some more CUDA optimizations for Q3_K Single token is now 20.5 ms/token (~20% slower than Q4_0). Perplexity is on par with Q4_0. * Adding Q4_K - scalar, AVX2, CUDA Performance is the same or perhaps very slightly better than Q4_0 on the CPU. On the GPU, single token prediction is ~10% better than Q4_0, batch mode (perplexity is about the same). * Adding Q6_K - scalar, AVX2, CUDA Performance is ~40% lower compared to Q4_K on the CPU. This is to be expected, considering that we are memory bound on the CPU and the 6-bit model is ~44% larger than the 4-bit. On the GPU, single token prediction is ~6% lower than Q4_0, batch mode (perplexity) is even closer (but still slower). * Adding Q5_K - scalar, AVX2, CUDA Performance is ~20% lower compared to Q4_K on the CPU. This is to be expected, considering that we are memory bound on the CPU and the 5-bit model is ~22% larger than the 4-bit. On the GPU, single token prediction is about the same as Q4_0 for both, single token and batch prediction. * Per convention, all QX_K quantizations use Q5_K for output.weight * Adding quantization mixes * Quantization mixes: didn't quite get what I wanted in the last commit * Q4_K dot product for ARM_NEON * Q6_K dot product for ARM_NEON * Q5_K dot product for ARM_NEON * Adding Q3_K dot for ARM_NEON It is 22% slower than Q4_K, despite the smaller model size. On x86_64, where we are memory bound, the Q3_K model is quite a bit faster than Q4_K. * A very slightly faster ARM_NEON Q3_K dot * Adding Q2_K - just CUDA for now Token prediction is pretty good - about 15.5 ms on a RTX 4080. Perplexity is about the same as Q4_K. * Adding scalar and AVX2 Q2_K dot * Adding ARM_NEON Q2_K dot About the same performance as Q4_K. * A slightly faster ARM_NEON Q2_K dot Single token prediction is now ~36 ms on M2 Max. The code is much simpler too. * Fixed bug in Q2_K CUDA dot product kernel Stranegly enough, for the few prompts I tried with the 7B model the responses looked perfectly reasonable. Only realized something is not quite right when I tried the larger models and started getting nonse back. In any case, Q2_K single token evaluation time on an RTX 4080 in a Ryzen7950X box iusing CUDA and model fully loaded on the GPU are ~15.5 ms for 7B, ~25.4 ms for 13B, and ~55.8 ms for 30B. The max number of layers that fit in VRAM for The 65B is 32. With that, we get ~330 ms per token, which is not that much faster than just running on the CPU (~470 ms per token). * Don't print zeros/NaNs when no count histogram has been collected * A 10% faster CUDA vector dot kernel for Q3_K Q3_K is now running at ~18.5 ms / token on CUDA, so the gap to Q4_0 is only 10%. It seems memory acccess pattern is more important for performance than the amount of computation the kernel does. * A slightly daster Q4_K AVX2 dot product For perplexity, where we are less memory bound, time per pass drops by ~5%. Barely measurable difference for single token prediction. * A slightly faster ARM_NEON A4_K dot product * Minor * Fix quantization error test We cannot possibly be expecting rmse < 0.002 for 2- and 3-bit quantization variants. * Fix docker build I have been sloppy with vector reinterpret casts on ARM_NEON. It seems clang is very forgiving in that regard. * Added forgotten ggml.o dependence on k_quants.h to the Makefile * Had unintentionally committed the Makefile with -Ofast enabled * ggml : rename k_quants -> ggml-quants-k, use lowercase in code --------- Co-authored-by: Iwan Kawrakow <iwan.kawrakow@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-05 19:56:18 +00:00
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q2_K = 10, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q3_K = 11, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q4_K = 12, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q5_K = 13, // except 1d tensors
GGML_FTYPE_MOSTLY_Q6_K = 14, // except 1d tensors
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};
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// available tensor operations:
enum ggml_op {
GGML_OP_NONE = 0,
GGML_OP_DUP,
GGML_OP_ADD,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_ADD1,
GGML_OP_ACC,
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GGML_OP_SUB,
GGML_OP_MUL,
GGML_OP_DIV,
GGML_OP_SQR,
GGML_OP_SQRT,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_LOG,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_SUM,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_MEAN,
GGML_OP_REPEAT,
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_REPEAT_BACK,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_ABS,
GGML_OP_SGN,
GGML_OP_NEG,
GGML_OP_STEP,
GGML_OP_RELU,
GGML_OP_GELU,
GGML_OP_GELU_QUICK,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_SILU,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_SILU_BACK,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_NORM, // normalize
GGML_OP_RMS_NORM,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_MUL_MAT,
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_OUT_PROD,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_SCALE,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_SET,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_CPY,
GGML_OP_CONT,
GGML_OP_RESHAPE,
GGML_OP_VIEW,
GGML_OP_PERMUTE,
GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE,
GGML_OP_GET_ROWS,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_GET_ROWS_BACK,
GGML_OP_DIAG,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX,
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX_BACK,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_ROPE,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK,
2023-04-28 17:37:43 +00:00
GGML_OP_ALIBI,
GGML_OP_CLAMP,
GGML_OP_CONV_1D_S1_PH,
GGML_OP_CONV_1D_S2_PH,
GGML_OP_CONV_2D_SK_P0,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN,
GGML_OP_FLASH_FF,
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_FLASH_ATTN_BACK,
GGML_OP_WIN_PART,
GGML_OP_WIN_UNPART,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_MAP_UNARY,
GGML_OP_MAP_BINARY,
GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM1,
GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM2,
GGML_OP_MAP_CUSTOM3,
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_OP_CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS,
GGML_OP_CROSS_ENTROPY_LOSS_BACK,
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_OP_COUNT,
};
// ggml object
struct ggml_object {
size_t offs;
size_t size;
struct ggml_object * next;
char padding[8];
};
static const size_t GGML_OBJECT_SIZE = sizeof(struct ggml_object);
// n-dimensional tensor
struct ggml_tensor {
enum ggml_type type;
enum ggml_backend backend;
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int n_dims;
int64_t ne[GGML_MAX_DIMS]; // number of elements
size_t nb[GGML_MAX_DIMS]; // stride in bytes:
// nb[0] = sizeof(type)
// nb[1] = nb[0] * ne[0] + padding
// nb[i] = nb[i-1] * ne[i-1]
// compute data
enum ggml_op op;
bool is_param;
struct ggml_tensor * grad;
struct ggml_tensor * src0;
struct ggml_tensor * src1;
struct ggml_tensor * opt[GGML_MAX_OPT];
// thread scheduling
int n_tasks;
// performance
int perf_runs;
int64_t perf_cycles;
int64_t perf_time_us;
void * data;
char name[GGML_MAX_NAME];
void * extra; // extra things e.g. for ggml-cuda.cu
char padding[4];
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};
static const size_t GGML_TENSOR_SIZE = sizeof(struct ggml_tensor);
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// computation graph
struct ggml_cgraph {
int n_nodes;
int n_leafs;
int n_threads;
size_t work_size;
struct ggml_tensor * work;
struct ggml_tensor * nodes[GGML_MAX_NODES];
struct ggml_tensor * grads[GGML_MAX_NODES];
struct ggml_tensor * leafs[GGML_MAX_NODES];
// performance
int perf_runs;
int64_t perf_cycles;
int64_t perf_time_us;
};
// scratch buffer
struct ggml_scratch {
size_t offs;
size_t size;
void * data;
};
2023-03-10 18:40:58 +00:00
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struct ggml_init_params {
// memory pool
size_t mem_size; // bytes
void * mem_buffer; // if NULL, memory will be allocated internally
bool no_alloc; // don't allocate memory for the tensor data
};
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// compute types
enum ggml_task_type {
GGML_TASK_INIT = 0,
GGML_TASK_COMPUTE,
GGML_TASK_FINALIZE,
};
struct ggml_compute_params {
enum ggml_task_type type;
// ith = thread index, nth = number of threads
int ith, nth;
// work buffer for all threads
size_t wsize;
void * wdata;
};
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// misc
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GGML_API void ggml_time_init(void); // call this once at the beginning of the program
GGML_API int64_t ggml_time_ms(void);
GGML_API int64_t ggml_time_us(void);
GGML_API int64_t ggml_cycles(void);
GGML_API int64_t ggml_cycles_per_ms(void);
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GGML_API void ggml_numa_init(void); // call once for better performance on NUMA systems
GGML_API bool ggml_is_numa(void); // true if init detected that system has >1 NUMA node
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GGML_API void ggml_print_object (const struct ggml_object * obj);
GGML_API void ggml_print_objects(const struct ggml_context * ctx);
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GGML_API int64_t ggml_nelements (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API int64_t ggml_nrows (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API size_t ggml_nbytes (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API size_t ggml_nbytes_split(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int nrows_split);
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GGML_API int ggml_blck_size (enum ggml_type type);
GGML_API size_t ggml_type_size (enum ggml_type type); // size in bytes for all elements in a block
GGML_API float ggml_type_sizef(enum ggml_type type); // ggml_type_size()/ggml_blck_size() as float
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GGML_API const char * ggml_type_name(enum ggml_type type);
GGML_API const char * ggml_op_name (enum ggml_op op);
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GGML_API size_t ggml_element_size(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
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GGML_API bool ggml_is_quantized(enum ggml_type type);
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// TODO: temporary until model loading of ggml examples is refactored
GGML_API enum ggml_type ggml_ftype_to_ggml_type(enum ggml_ftype ftype);
llama : Metal inference (#1642) * mtl : export the LLaMA computation graph * ci : disable temporary * mtl : adapt the MNIST example as starter * mtl : no need for mtl-export tool, add cli arg for main instead * mtl : export just a small part of the graph for now to make it easier * mtl : move MSL code into separate file for easy editing * mtl : initial get_rows_q4_0 kernel * mtl : confirmed get_rows_q4_0 is working correctly * mtl : add rms_norm kernel + confirm working * mtl : add mul kernel + confirm working * mtl : initial mul_mat Q4 kernel (wrong results) * mtl : mul_mat fixes (still wrong) * mtl : another mul_mat Q4 (still does not work) * mtl : working mul_mat q4 * ggml : fix handling of "view" ops in ggml_graph_import() * mtl : add rope kernel * mtl : add reshape and transpose handling * ggml : store offset as opt arg for ggml_view_xd() operators * mtl : add cpy kernel + handle view ops * mtl : confirm f16 x f32 attention mul mat * mtl : add scale kernel * mtl : add diag_mask_inf kernel * mtl : fix soft_max kernel * ggml : update ggml_nbytes() to handle non-contiguous tensors * mtl : verify V tensor contents * mtl : add f32 -> f32 cpy kernel * mtl : add silu kernel * mtl : add non-broadcast mul kernel * mtl : full GPU inference of the computation graph * mtl : optimize rms_norm and soft_max kernels * mtl : add f16 mat x f32 vec multiplication kernel * mtl : fix bug in f16 x f32 mul mat + speed-up computation * mtl : faster mul_mat_q4_0_f32 kernel * mtl : fix kernel signature + roll inner loop * mtl : more threads for rms_norm + better timing * mtl : remove printfs from inner loop * mtl : simplify implementation * mtl : add save/load vocab to ggml file * mtl : plug Metal inference into llama.cpp (very quick-n-dirty) * mtl : make it work with main example Lots of hacks but at least now it generates text * mtl : preparing for merge * mtl : clean-up ggml mtl interface + suport scratch / inplace * mtl : remove temp / debug code * metal : final refactoring and simplification * Revert "ci : disable temporary" This reverts commit 98c267fc77fe811082f672538fc91bcfc9072d63. * metal : add comments * metal : clean-up stuff, fix typos * readme : add Metal instructions * readme : add example for main
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GGML_API bool ggml_is_transposed(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API bool ggml_is_contiguous(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API bool ggml_is_permuted (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
llama : Metal inference (#1642) * mtl : export the LLaMA computation graph * ci : disable temporary * mtl : adapt the MNIST example as starter * mtl : no need for mtl-export tool, add cli arg for main instead * mtl : export just a small part of the graph for now to make it easier * mtl : move MSL code into separate file for easy editing * mtl : initial get_rows_q4_0 kernel * mtl : confirmed get_rows_q4_0 is working correctly * mtl : add rms_norm kernel + confirm working * mtl : add mul kernel + confirm working * mtl : initial mul_mat Q4 kernel (wrong results) * mtl : mul_mat fixes (still wrong) * mtl : another mul_mat Q4 (still does not work) * mtl : working mul_mat q4 * ggml : fix handling of "view" ops in ggml_graph_import() * mtl : add rope kernel * mtl : add reshape and transpose handling * ggml : store offset as opt arg for ggml_view_xd() operators * mtl : add cpy kernel + handle view ops * mtl : confirm f16 x f32 attention mul mat * mtl : add scale kernel * mtl : add diag_mask_inf kernel * mtl : fix soft_max kernel * ggml : update ggml_nbytes() to handle non-contiguous tensors * mtl : verify V tensor contents * mtl : add f32 -> f32 cpy kernel * mtl : add silu kernel * mtl : add non-broadcast mul kernel * mtl : full GPU inference of the computation graph * mtl : optimize rms_norm and soft_max kernels * mtl : add f16 mat x f32 vec multiplication kernel * mtl : fix bug in f16 x f32 mul mat + speed-up computation * mtl : faster mul_mat_q4_0_f32 kernel * mtl : fix kernel signature + roll inner loop * mtl : more threads for rms_norm + better timing * mtl : remove printfs from inner loop * mtl : simplify implementation * mtl : add save/load vocab to ggml file * mtl : plug Metal inference into llama.cpp (very quick-n-dirty) * mtl : make it work with main example Lots of hacks but at least now it generates text * mtl : preparing for merge * mtl : clean-up ggml mtl interface + suport scratch / inplace * mtl : remove temp / debug code * metal : final refactoring and simplification * Revert "ci : disable temporary" This reverts commit 98c267fc77fe811082f672538fc91bcfc9072d63. * metal : add comments * metal : clean-up stuff, fix typos * readme : add Metal instructions * readme : add example for main
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// use this to compute the memory overhead of a tensor
GGML_API size_t ggml_tensor_overhead(void);
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// main
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GGML_API struct ggml_context * ggml_init(struct ggml_init_params params);
llama : Metal inference (#1642) * mtl : export the LLaMA computation graph * ci : disable temporary * mtl : adapt the MNIST example as starter * mtl : no need for mtl-export tool, add cli arg for main instead * mtl : export just a small part of the graph for now to make it easier * mtl : move MSL code into separate file for easy editing * mtl : initial get_rows_q4_0 kernel * mtl : confirmed get_rows_q4_0 is working correctly * mtl : add rms_norm kernel + confirm working * mtl : add mul kernel + confirm working * mtl : initial mul_mat Q4 kernel (wrong results) * mtl : mul_mat fixes (still wrong) * mtl : another mul_mat Q4 (still does not work) * mtl : working mul_mat q4 * ggml : fix handling of "view" ops in ggml_graph_import() * mtl : add rope kernel * mtl : add reshape and transpose handling * ggml : store offset as opt arg for ggml_view_xd() operators * mtl : add cpy kernel + handle view ops * mtl : confirm f16 x f32 attention mul mat * mtl : add scale kernel * mtl : add diag_mask_inf kernel * mtl : fix soft_max kernel * ggml : update ggml_nbytes() to handle non-contiguous tensors * mtl : verify V tensor contents * mtl : add f32 -> f32 cpy kernel * mtl : add silu kernel * mtl : add non-broadcast mul kernel * mtl : full GPU inference of the computation graph * mtl : optimize rms_norm and soft_max kernels * mtl : add f16 mat x f32 vec multiplication kernel * mtl : fix bug in f16 x f32 mul mat + speed-up computation * mtl : faster mul_mat_q4_0_f32 kernel * mtl : fix kernel signature + roll inner loop * mtl : more threads for rms_norm + better timing * mtl : remove printfs from inner loop * mtl : simplify implementation * mtl : add save/load vocab to ggml file * mtl : plug Metal inference into llama.cpp (very quick-n-dirty) * mtl : make it work with main example Lots of hacks but at least now it generates text * mtl : preparing for merge * mtl : clean-up ggml mtl interface + suport scratch / inplace * mtl : remove temp / debug code * metal : final refactoring and simplification * Revert "ci : disable temporary" This reverts commit 98c267fc77fe811082f672538fc91bcfc9072d63. * metal : add comments * metal : clean-up stuff, fix typos * readme : add Metal instructions * readme : add example for main
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GGML_API void ggml_free(struct ggml_context * ctx);
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GGML_API size_t ggml_used_mem(const struct ggml_context * ctx);
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GGML_API size_t ggml_set_scratch (struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_scratch scratch);
GGML_API void ggml_set_no_alloc(struct ggml_context * ctx, bool no_alloc);
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GGML_API void * ggml_get_mem_buffer (const struct ggml_context * ctx);
GGML_API size_t ggml_get_mem_size (const struct ggml_context * ctx);
GGML_API size_t ggml_get_max_tensor_size(const struct ggml_context * ctx);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_tensor(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
enum ggml_type type,
int n_dims,
const int64_t *ne);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_tensor_1d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
enum ggml_type type,
int64_t ne0);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_tensor_2d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
enum ggml_type type,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_tensor_3d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
enum ggml_type type,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
int64_t ne2);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_tensor_4d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
enum ggml_type type,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
int64_t ne2,
int64_t ne3);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_i32(struct ggml_context * ctx, int32_t value);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_new_f32(struct ggml_context * ctx, float value);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_dup_tensor (struct ggml_context * ctx, const struct ggml_tensor * src);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_view_tensor(struct ggml_context * ctx, const struct ggml_tensor * src);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_tensor(struct ggml_context * ctx, const char * name);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_zero(struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_i32 (struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int32_t value);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_f32 (struct ggml_tensor * tensor, float value);
GGML_API int32_t ggml_get_i32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i);
GGML_API void ggml_set_i32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, int32_t value);
GGML_API float ggml_get_f32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i);
GGML_API void ggml_set_f32_1d(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor, int i, float value);
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GGML_API void * ggml_get_data (const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API float * ggml_get_data_f32(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
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GGML_API const char * ggml_get_name(const struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_name(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * name);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_format_name(struct ggml_tensor * tensor, const char * fmt, ...);
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//
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// operations on tensors with backpropagation
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//
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_dup(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add1(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_add1_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_acc(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t nb1,
size_t nb2,
size_t nb3,
size_t offset);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_acc_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t nb1,
size_t nb2,
size_t nb3,
size_t offset);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sub(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sub_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_mul(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_mul_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_div(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_div_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sqr(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sqr_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sqrt(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sqrt_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_log(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_log_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// return scalar
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sum(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
// sums along rows, with input shape [a,b,c,d] return shape [1,b,c,d]
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sum_rows(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// mean along rows
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_mean(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
// if a is the same shape as b, and a is not parameter, return a
// otherwise, return a new tensor: repeat(a) to fit in b
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_repeat(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_repeat_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_abs(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_abs_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sgn(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_sgn_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_neg(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_neg_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_step(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_step_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_relu(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_relu_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// TODO: double-check this computation is correct
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_quick(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_gelu_quick_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_silu(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_silu_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
// a - x
// b - dy
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_silu_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// normalize along rows
// TODO: eps is hardcoded to 1e-5 for now
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_norm(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_norm_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rms_norm(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rms_norm_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
// a - x
// b - dy
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rms_norm_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
// A: n columns, m rows
// B: n columns, p rows (i.e. we transpose it internally)
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// result is m columns, p rows
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_mul_mat(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
// A: m columns, n rows,
// B: p columns, n rows,
// result is m columns, p rows
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_out_prod(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
2023-03-10 18:40:58 +00:00
//
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// operations on tensors without backpropagation
2023-03-10 18:40:58 +00:00
//
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_scale(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
// in-place, returns view(a)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_scale_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
// b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return modified a
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t nb1,
size_t nb2,
size_t nb3,
size_t offset);
// b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return view(a)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t nb1,
size_t nb2,
size_t nb3,
size_t offset);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_1d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t offset);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_1d_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t offset);
// b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return modified a
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_2d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t nb1,
size_t offset);
// b -> view(a,offset,nb1,nb2,3), return view(a)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_set_2d_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
size_t nb1,
size_t offset);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// a -> b, return view(b)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_cpy(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
// make contiguous
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_cont(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
// return view(a), b specifies the new shape
// TODO: when we start computing gradient, make a copy instead of view
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_reshape(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
// return view(a)
// TODO: when we start computing gradient, make a copy instead of view
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_reshape_1d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_reshape_2d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1);
// return view(a)
// TODO: when we start computing gradient, make a copy instead of view
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_reshape_3d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
int64_t ne2);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_reshape_4d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
int64_t ne2,
int64_t ne3);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// offset in bytes
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_view_1d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
size_t offset);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_view_2d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
size_t nb1, // row stride in bytes
size_t offset);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_view_3d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
int64_t ne2,
size_t nb1, // row stride in bytes
size_t nb2, // slice stride in bytes
size_t offset);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_view_4d(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int64_t ne0,
int64_t ne1,
int64_t ne2,
int64_t ne3,
size_t nb1, // row stride in bytes
size_t nb2, // slice stride in bytes
size_t nb3,
size_t offset);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_permute(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int axis0,
int axis1,
int axis2,
int axis3);
// alias for ggml_permute(ctx, a, 1, 0, 2, 3)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_transpose(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_rows(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_get_rows_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
struct ggml_tensor * c);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_diag(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// set elements above the diagonal to -INF
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_diag_mask_inf(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past);
// in-place, returns view(a)
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_diag_mask_inf_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past);
// set elements above the diagonal to 0
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_diag_mask_zero(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past);
// in-place, returns view(a)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_diag_mask_zero_inplace(
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_soft_max(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
// in-place, returns view(a)
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_soft_max_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_soft_max_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
// in-place, returns view(a)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_soft_max_back_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
// rotary position embedding
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// if mode & 1 == 1, skip n_past elements
// if mode & 2 == 1, GPT-NeoX style
// TODO: avoid creating a new tensor every time
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rope(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past,
int n_dims,
int mode);
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-05-13 12:56:40 +00:00
// in-place, returns view(a)
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rope_inplace(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past,
int n_dims,
int mode);
// rotary position embedding backward, i.e compute dx from dy
// a - dy
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_rope_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past,
int n_dims,
int mode);
2023-04-28 17:37:43 +00:00
// alibi position embedding
// in-place, returns view(a)
struct ggml_tensor * ggml_alibi(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int n_past,
int n_head,
float bias_max);
// clamp
// in-place, returns view(a)
struct ggml_tensor * ggml_clamp(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
float min,
float max);
2023-04-28 17:37:43 +00:00
// TODO: implement general-purpose convolutions
// GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d(
// struct ggml_context * ctx,
// struct ggml_tensor * a,
// struct ggml_tensor * b,
// int s0
// int p0,
// int d0);
//
// GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d(
// struct ggml_context * ctx,
// struct ggml_tensor * a,
// struct ggml_tensor * b,
// int s0,
// int s1,
// int p0,
// int p1,
// int d0,
// int d1);
// padding = half
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
// TODO: we don't support extra parameters for now
// that's why we are hard-coding the stride, padding, and dilation
// not great ..
// example:
// a: 3 80 768 1
// b: 3000 80 1 1
// res: 3000 768 1 1
// used in whisper
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d_s1_ph(
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struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
// used in whisper
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_1d_s2_ph(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
// kernel size is a->ne[0] x a->ne[1]
// stride is equal to kernel size
// padding is zero
// example:
// a: 16 16 3 768
// b: 1024 1024 3 1
// res: 64 64 768 1
// used in sam
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_conv_2d_sk_p0(
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struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_attn(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * q,
struct ggml_tensor * k,
struct ggml_tensor * v,
bool masked);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_attn_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * q,
struct ggml_tensor * k,
struct ggml_tensor * v,
struct ggml_tensor * d,
bool masked);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_flash_ff(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b0,
struct ggml_tensor * b1,
struct ggml_tensor * c0,
struct ggml_tensor * c1);
// partition into non-overlapping windows with padding if needed
// example:
// a: 768 64 64 1
// w: 14
// res: 768 14 14 25
// used in sam
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_win_part(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int w);
// reverse of ggml_win_part
// used in sam
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_win_unpart(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
int w0,
int h0,
int w);
// custom operators
typedef void (*ggml_unary_op_f32_t) (const int, float *, const float *);
typedef void (*ggml_binary_op_f32_t)(const int, float *, const float *, const float *);
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typedef void (*ggml_custom1_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
typedef void (*ggml_custom2_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
typedef void (*ggml_custom3_op_f32_t)(struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *, const struct ggml_tensor *);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_unary_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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ggml_unary_op_f32_t fun);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_unary_inplace_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
ggml_unary_op_f32_t fun);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_binary_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
ggml : implement backward pass for llama + small training-llama-from-scratch example (#1360) * implement 8 of 14 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_ADD_AT - GGML_OP_CPY - GGML_OP_MUL_MAT (src0.grad) - GGML_OP_PERMUTE - GGML_OP_RESHAPE - GGML_OP_SCALE - GGML_OP_TRANSPOSE - GGML_OP_VIEW implement additional ggml operation GGML_OP_ADD_AT, which is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_VIEW. this operation adds src1 to src0 with data offset, i.e. to view(src0, ..., offset). the values are return in a tensor size of src0. values outside of [data+offset:data+offset+nbytes(src1)] are just the original values from src0. still missing backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_ROPE - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX * implement 5 of 6 missing backward pass operations used by llama - GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS - GGML_OP_RMS_NORM - GGML_OP_SILU - GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX add necessary ggml operations GGML_OP_ADD1, GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK, GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO, and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK GGML_OP_ADD1 is necessary to add a scalar value in the backward pass of GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX GGML_OP_ADD1 could also be replaced by using GGML_OP_ADD and GGML_OP_REPEAT, but the performance would be worse. additionally GGML_OP_REPEAT will return unexpected value when the the input to GGML_OP_SOFT_MAX contains only a single scalar. in this case GGML_OP_REPEAT will not return the value that should be repeated (src1) but the value which shape the result should take (src0). So in this case it can not replace GGML_OP_ADD1. GGML_OP_SILU_BACK, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM_BACK and GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK are necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_SILU, GGML_OP_RMS_NORM and GGML_OP_ROPE. The backward pass for these functions cannot be easily composed of existing operations. Since the backward pass builds a computation graph we need operations forward pass implementations of the the required backward passes. Sounds a bit confusing at first, I know... GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_ZERO is necessary for backward pass of GGML_OP_DIAG_MASK_INF. Some operations where previously inplace-only. for backward pass there needs to be non-inplace variants. staying consistent with other operations that have non-inplace and inplace variants, the operations are changed to non-inplace and functions with "_inplace" are added which are inplace. in llama we need to call the inplace variants so that it is implemented as before. for llama backward pass we need to use the non-inplace variants. still not completely implemented backward passes for llama: - GGML_OP_ROPE: needs forward pass for GGML_OP_ROPE_BACK - GGML_OP_GET_ROWS: only necessary for tokenizer * norm & rms_norm can not be threaded: after investigation rms norm for quite some time I come to the conclusion that neither norm, nor rms_norm can be threaded, because we need mean over all items, not just of the slices each thread sees. * remove already resolved TODO * implement backward pass of ggml_rope and ggml_rope_back * implement backward pass for ggml_get_rows and for new operation ggml_get_rows_back * add test-grad0.c * use GGML_PRINT_DEBUG for debug messages which will otherwise flood the console * test both gradients of mul_mat * disable graph dot export as it floods console * bug fixes for silu_back * successfully test silu backward * bug fix for scale backward pass use sum instead of mean for gradient of scalar scale parameter * successfully test scale backward * improve performance of sum backward pass use add1(x,y) instead of add(x,repeat(y,x)) * improve performance of sqr backward pass use scale(x,y) instead of mul(x,repeat(y,x)) * successfully test rope backward * bug fix for cpy backward pass * successfully test cpy backward * bug fix for reshape backward pass * successfully test reshape backward * add test-opt.c this uses ggml_opt to train a,b for minimal e=sum(sqr(c - a*b)) for random initial a,b,c * correctly implement softmax backward pass using new operation ggml_diag ggml_diag constructs diagonal matrices with entries. ggml_diag(shape[a,1,c,d]) -> shape[a,a,c,d] * successfully test soft_max backward * align shape annotations * add shape annotations for llama * de-duplicate ggml_forward_dup code taking care of contiguous tensors of same type. with this we can duplicate tensor of any typ as long as they are contiguous. * fix ggml_compute_forward_dup_same_cont for when nelements < nthreads when more threads are used than elements exist ie1 was less than ie0, resulting in invalid negative byte count argument in memcpy * bug fix for add_at forward required for view backward pass src0 values must be copied to dst, because during addition we don't touch all dst elements in contrast to the normal add function. * successfully test view backward * minor code format improvement * fix ggml_forward_add functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add_q_f32. * fix ggml_forward_add1 functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32, but make it consistent across all ggml_compute_forward_add1_... functions. this also slightly changes the mem access pattern of the different threads to works as in ggml_compute_forward_add1_q_f32. * test-grad0.c : add print_elements to help with debugging * successfully test permute backward * some minor test-grad0 fixes * fix sub, mul and div functions to work correctly with transposed tensors uses the same logic as in add * implement ggml_cont backward pass * successfully test transpose backward and permute for all permutations also test sub, mul and div up to max n_dims * test-grad0.c add TODO for view_2d and view_3d add_at (required for view backward pass) is a bit tricky for n_dims > 1. * fix comments * successfully test diag_mask_inf and diag_mask_zero backward * test-grad0 : fix test for div nargs and ndims was swapped, corrupting the stack * fix diag_mask to work with non-inplace input * move dup call into the actual add_at functions * fix get rows backward pass * successfully test get_rows backward * fix view backward pass add nb parameters to add_at like in view. together with offset they define how to view dst and src0 during the add_at operation. * successfully test backward pass of view_1d, view_2d and view_3d * fix backward pass for rms_norm I would have used formulas from other frameworks, but they differed so I could not decide which is correct. Instead it was derived here in comment using manual forward-backward automatic differention of rms_norm and simplification. * successfully test backward pass of rms_norm some tests may fail when gradients are large. could not find a satisfying configuration to check for abs error and relative error that passes all tests while still actually testing the results with tight enough error bounds. when looking at the values the "failed" tests look actually ok. for example: rms_norm: ndims=2, i=0, k=2, x0=0.000153, xm=0.000053, xp=0.000253, f0=0.278594, f1=0.086213, g0=961.905457, g1=966.064941, eps=0.000100, error_abs=4.159485, error_rel=0.004324 it is due to the test logic in check_gradients that they fail. * add todos for llama backward pass - implementation for ADD1 backward pass should probably use sum instead of mean (but this backward pass is not required) - repeat is not yet tested and looks like it only works for single element src0 inputs. * add operation ggml_sum_rows ggml_sum_rows(shape[a,b,c,d]) -> shape[1,b,c,d] * add missing GGML_OP_SUM_ROWS * fix backward pass for repeat requires ggml_sum_rows * successfully test backward pass of repeat * update quantization types in switch-case of add_at and add1 * add baby-llama example training a very small llama model from scratch to output a sinusoidal wave. had to increase maximum number of optimization parameters to train from scratch. * fix softmax in baby-llama example * switching from training with adam to lbfgs produces much better results in the baby-llama example * train with two examples, creating new tensors each time.. * fix bug when using ggml_opt to optimize params in one context and use a renewable context for eval and opt when not keeping gradients of model parameters they are overwritten by tensors created by opt, which may be invalid after opt context is renewed. so we need to keep the original gradients and make dups for opt * train on multiple examples, generate & print tokens with trained model afterwards ctx0 for evaluation and optimization is renewed for each sample * add ggml_reshape_1d, ggml_reshape_4d and ggml_view_4d * fix soft_max backward pass for input->ne[1] != 1 * add ggml_log operation necessary for cross entropy loss * add test for ggml_log gradients * implement backward pass for ggml_sum_rows, necessary for cross entropy loss * implement ggml_repeat support for rank > 2 tensors * add test for ggml_sum_rows gradients * fix training get_example_targets predict the next token, not the current token! * add square_error_loss and cross_entropy_loss functions * optimize loss over multiple samples this increases computation graph, need parallel batched forward for more efficiency. * fix backward pass for add_at and change arguments to have same order as in view * add ggml_set(ctx, a, b) to set b in view of a and return modified a necessary to set values into kv_self cache and properly propagate the gradients * fix kv_self gradients for training use ggml_set instead of ggml_cpy to set kv_self cache with properly propagating gradients * replace inplace operations for training with copying operations to allow gradient propagation * add GGML_ASSERT to catch ggml_rope and back value errors * add trainable lora-only model with all big matrices C split into A,B with A*B=C this is not a lora-finetune, but the whole model changed to have only low-rank "lora" matrices. training this instead of the normal model resulted in much worse results though... * vastly improve training results instead of logit targets 0 and 1 use -1 and +1. * shorten code using a variable * change name of GGML_OP_ADD_AT to GGML_OP_ACC * smaller default values for baby llama model parameters * update static assert of GGML_OP_COUNT * remove shape annotations in llama_eval_internal * revert disabling of threading for rms_norm and norm * rename print functions in baby-llama example * fix call to ggml_set_name * add missing include for strcmp, etc * remove trailing whitespace * reduce number of test-grad0 iterations avoid exceeding timeout of automated tests * remove busy loop that was used as sleep for slower sinus wave generation * disable slow tests grad0 and opt to avoid exceeding timeouts * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * c++ in baby-llama example use c++ includes instead of c includes use std::min, std::max instead of MIN, MAX macros * ggml : fix compiler warnings + cosmetic changes * ggml : fix nullptr derefs in GGML_OP_CONT and GGML_OP_RESHAPE back * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * swap arguments to vDSP_vdiv call documentation for vDSP_vdiv states: "Note that B comes before A!" * ggml : swap vDSP_vsub args as per documentation * add parallel batched forward function for baby-llama training * cleanup code for batched training * remove trailing whitespace * minor : fix compiler warnings + indentation style * ggml : fix null ptr deref in backward pass * ggml : remove Q4_2 remnants * ggml : fix clang-tidy warnings * baby-llama : couple of clang-tidy warnings --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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ggml_binary_op_f32_t fun);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_binary_inplace_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
ggml_binary_op_f32_t fun);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
ggml_custom1_op_f32_t fun);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom1_inplace_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
ggml_custom1_op_f32_t fun);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
ggml_custom2_op_f32_t fun);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom2_inplace_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
ggml_custom2_op_f32_t fun);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
struct ggml_tensor * c,
ggml_custom3_op_f32_t fun);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_map_custom3_inplace_f32(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
struct ggml_tensor * c,
ggml_custom3_op_f32_t fun);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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// loss function
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_cross_entropy_loss(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b);
GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_cross_entropy_loss_back(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * a,
struct ggml_tensor * b,
struct ggml_tensor * c);
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//
// automatic differentiation
//
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GGML_API void ggml_set_param(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
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GGML_API void ggml_build_forward_expand(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
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GGML_API struct ggml_cgraph ggml_build_forward (struct ggml_tensor * tensor);
GGML_API struct ggml_cgraph ggml_build_backward(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * gf, bool keep);
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GGML_API void ggml_graph_compute(struct ggml_context * ctx, struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
GGML_API void ggml_graph_reset (struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
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GGML_API struct ggml_tensor * ggml_graph_get_tensor(struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, const char * name);
GGML_API void ggml_graph_export(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph, const char * fname);
GGML_API struct ggml_cgraph ggml_graph_import(const char * fname, struct ggml_context ** ctx_data, struct ggml_context ** ctx_eval);
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// print info and performance information for the graph
GGML_API void ggml_graph_print(const struct ggml_cgraph * cgraph);
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// dump the graph into a file using the dot format
GGML_API void ggml_graph_dump_dot(const struct ggml_cgraph * gb, const struct ggml_cgraph * gf, const char * filename);
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//
// optimization
//
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// optimization methods
enum ggml_opt_type {
GGML_OPT_ADAM,
GGML_OPT_LBFGS,
};
// linesearch methods
enum ggml_linesearch {
GGML_LINESEARCH_DEFAULT = 1,
GGML_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_ARMIJO = 0,
GGML_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_WOLFE = 1,
GGML_LINESEARCH_BACKTRACKING_STRONG_WOLFE = 2,
};
// optimization return values
enum ggml_opt_result {
GGML_OPT_OK = 0,
GGML_OPT_DID_NOT_CONVERGE,
GGML_OPT_NO_CONTEXT,
GGML_OPT_INVALID_WOLFE,
GGML_OPT_FAIL,
GGML_LINESEARCH_FAIL = -128,
GGML_LINESEARCH_MINIMUM_STEP,
GGML_LINESEARCH_MAXIMUM_STEP,
GGML_LINESEARCH_MAXIMUM_ITERATIONS,
GGML_LINESEARCH_INVALID_PARAMETERS,
};
// optimization parameters
//
// see ggml.c (ggml_opt_default_params) for default values
//
struct ggml_opt_params {
enum ggml_opt_type type;
int n_threads;
// delta-based convergence test
//
// if past == 0 - disabled
// if past > 0:
// stop if |f(x) - f(x_past)| < delta * max(1, |f(x)|)
//
int past;
float delta;
// maximum number of iterations without improvement
//
// if 0 - disabled
// if > 0:
// assume convergence if no cost improvement in this number of iterations
//
int max_no_improvement;
bool print_forward_graph;
bool print_backward_graph;
// ADAM parameters
struct {
int n_iter;
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
float sched; // schedule multiplier (fixed, decay or warmup)
float decay; // weight decay for AdamW, use 0.0f to disable
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float alpha; // learning rate
float beta1;
float beta2;
float eps; // epsilon for numerical stability
float eps_f; // epsilon for convergence test
float eps_g; // epsilon for convergence test
} adam;
// LBFGS parameters
struct {
int m; // number of corrections to approximate the inv. Hessian
int n_iter;
int max_linesearch;
float eps; // convergence tolerance
float ftol; // line search tolerance
float wolfe;
float min_step;
float max_step;
enum ggml_linesearch linesearch;
} lbfgs;
};
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
struct ggml_opt_context {
struct ggml_context * ctx;
struct ggml_opt_params params;
int iter;
int64_t nx; // number of parameter elements
bool just_initialized;
struct {
struct ggml_tensor * x; // view of the parameters
struct ggml_tensor * g1; // gradient
struct ggml_tensor * g2; // gradient squared
struct ggml_tensor * m; // first moment
struct ggml_tensor * v; // second moment
struct ggml_tensor * mh; // first moment hat
struct ggml_tensor * vh; // second moment hat
struct ggml_tensor * pf; // past function values
float fx_best;
float fx_prev;
int n_no_improvement;
} adam;
struct {
struct ggml_tensor * x; // current parameters
struct ggml_tensor * xp; // previous parameters
struct ggml_tensor * g; // current gradient
struct ggml_tensor * gp; // previous gradient
struct ggml_tensor * d; // search direction
struct ggml_tensor * pf; // past function values
struct ggml_tensor * lmal; // the L-BFGS memory alpha
struct ggml_tensor * lmys; // the L-BFGS memory ys
struct ggml_tensor * lms; // the L-BFGS memory s
struct ggml_tensor * lmy; // the L-BFGS memory y
float fx_best;
float step;
int j;
int k;
int end;
int n_no_improvement;
} lbfgs;
};
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GGML_API struct ggml_opt_params ggml_opt_default_params(enum ggml_opt_type type);
// optimize the function defined by the tensor f
GGML_API enum ggml_opt_result ggml_opt(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_opt_params params,
struct ggml_tensor * f);
train : improved training-from-scratch example (#1652) * add python wrapper https://gist.github.com/abetlen/2b90e5f153f6efd00931d098de5c73ce * fix decoding error. adds errors=ignore parameter * add python bindings for functions to get and set the whole llama state (rng, logits, embedding and kv_cache) * update python bindings * add text generating baby-llama from scratch example * fix race condition bug in ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 * implement ggml_soft_max_back for more performant backward pass of soft_max avoids creating big intermediate matrices of size n_embd x n_embd for llama layers and n_vocab x n_vocab for cross entropy loss * improve softmax backward pass go from quadratic runtime to linear runtime by simplifying the formulas * fix race condition bug in non-inplace ggml_compute_forward_diag_mask_f32 memcpy needs to be synchronized across threads to avoid race conditions. => do it in INIT phase * fix bug in ggml_compute_forward_soft_max_back_f32 on DEBUG build * improve performance of mul_mat backward pass avoid transpose by using mul_mat with swapped arguments * avoid printing too much newlines in baby-llama-text * activate threading in baby-llama-text * add ggml_out_prod and use it for mul_mat backward pass for improved performance performance stats report improvement from 37 seconds to 16 seconds runtime during my training tests * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * better weight initialization improves training convergence at start * improve ggml_out_prod performance - change iteration order (>15s -> 10s runtime) - parallelize over one more dimension: over dst matrix rows (10s -> <5s runtime) * add llama sampler, shuffle samples and constrain sampling to tokens occurring in train data * fix get_samples call, add model tensor names, increase model size, start training samples after newline * save train trained model to checkpoint and load model to be trained from checkpoint * use inplace functions where possible * initialize rng with srand * use different arguments for input and output checkpoint * ggml fixes to support backward pass on inplace operations * remove duplicate include * fix cross entropy loss - add target probabilities for each sample which is then used in cross entropy loss * print used memory before and after optimization * sample with non-greedy sampling parameters at the end of training * add cmake target for baby-llama-text * add ggml_add1_inplace to header * enable gradient propagation for inplace add1 and scale operations those functions backward passes don't need the original src0, so they also work when forward is inplace * implement AdamW in ggml_opt_adam by adding weight decay parameter (default 0.001f) also add a schedule parameter (default 1.0f) that can be used to scale alpha and decay according to learning schedule. setting the decay parameter to zero disables AdamW resulting in normal Adam optimizer. since the difference between Adam and AdamW is minimal it is not implemented as another optimizer, but integrated into the existing Adam optimizer. * use inplace operations in cross_entropy_loss * fix random weight initialization scale * add missing default parameters for adam optimizer * add ggml_opt_context, so that we can properly resume training otherwise the optimizer states, tracking statistics about the error function and its derivates, will reset to zero each time ggml_opt is called, hindering convergence on resumed training. now the optimizer context and all its memory is stored in a separate struct. * fix bug in llama_sample_token_mirostat_v2 when all candidates are filtered out through mu threshold, the following soft_max operation will fail. so keep at least one. * add forward function without using cache, for more performant training during training on whole samples no cache is required. removing the cache and simplifying the remaining code results in performance and memory usage improvement. * print suppressed newline tokens as string "\n" printing too much actual newlines is suppressed to avoid flooding the console. * store optimizer state in training checkpoint and add learning schedule persistent optimizer state allows to resume training without resetting the optimizer learning schedule consists of linear warmup ramp followed by cosine decay with restarts * remove unused functions * fix bug in get_samples which corrupted training targets * save checkpoint only when it was trained * simplify code * remove trailing whitespace * simplify backward pass for SQRT * replace inefficient repeat backward pass with dedicated repeat_back operation * add ggml_cross_entropy_loss with backward pass for faster training cross entropy loss can also be implemented using softmax and log, but as dedicated operation it is faster and especially avoids unnecessary memory overhead. * add tests for cross_entropy_loss backward pass finite differences regularly results in estimated gradient of zero, despite the backward pass giving non zero gradient. _probably_ the finite differences fails due to numerical issues * use ggml_cross_entropy_loss in text training example * remove trailing whitespace * slightly improve how cross entropy loss is compute btw: directly implemented cross entropy loss seems to have way lower magnitudes than when implemented with softmax and log. probably the input to log gets closer to zero due to float numerics. maybe the multiplication by (1.0-eps)/sum is more accurate.. * add llama_get_vocab to get the vocabulary as output parameters * set default model.type for unknown models with few layers * add export of training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * get vocabulary for exporting training checkpoint to llama compatible model file * implement backward pass of flash attention * bugfixes for backward pass of flash attention * test flash attention backward pass need to set loose error bounds to pass. the finitie differences are close to numeric limits and often return quite different values than the backward pass. reducing eps further lets the gradients vanish completely. likewise setting eps to big results in wronger values. the softmax in the middle of the function is probably the most responsible for the numeric issues using finite differences. * add option to train with flash attention and move options to the top of the main function training from scratch also works with flash attention training convergence and generation results after fix number of iterations are worse than when not using flash attention. maybe there still lingers a bug in the flash attention backward pass? but training works, just with slower convergence. flash attention is still worth to use, because it requires way less memory and is faster with high n_ctx * add train_params and command line option parser * remove unnecessary comments * add train params to specify memory size * remove python bindings * rename baby-llama-text to train-text-from-scratch * replace auto parameters in lambda function * add #include <climits> * add explicit cast to fix compile error "error: non-constant-expression cannot be narrowed from type 'int64_t' (aka 'long long') to 'uint32_t' (aka 'unsigned int') in initializer list [-Wc++11-narrowing]" * remove trailing whitespace * add ggml_opt_resume_g which accepts forward and backward cgraphs * fix formulas in comments * bug fix for ggml_compute_forward_get_rows_back_f32 the result should be set to zero, not to whatever data is in opt0 * improve training memory usage with scratch buffers instead of relying on the automatic backward pass, we manually create the graph for the backward pass. it turns out that all backward pass operations need only temporary memory which can be reused after each layer. will compute backward pass for ALL model parameters * add option to use scratch buffers in training or not make it configurable because currently training with scratch buffers implies flash attention and optimization over all parameters. * ci : disable temporary * store view offset and permute axes in opt[0] instead of storing it in padding use memcpy to store offset, because offset is of type size_t. when storing it as int32_t offset would have to be smaller than 2^31 which is not necessarily true. * minor : fix compile warnings + minor style changes * fix bug in threaded indices calculation of ggml_compute_forward_flash_attn_back_f32 * store view offset like in master branch * bug fix in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train * scratch buffer bug fixes in forward_batch_wo_cache_flash_attn_train data of permute and reshape is the same as their input. if we want to preserve the output of permute/reshape, we also need to preserve their inputs. replace reshape(src0, src1) with reshape_nd calls so that we don't need src1. replace (temporary) t03 with ggml_repeat(ctx0, layer.attention_norm, t02). in the future we could also use the new broadcasting ggml_mul to avoid these repeat calls. for this we need backward pass of broadcasting ggml_mul. * remove unnecessary scratch buffer 0 buf 0 is persistent memory, so we can just disable scratch for this by using buf -1 * avoid creating unnecessary grad tensors previously we need to create grads for model parameters, so that expand(..) correctly populates cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads this wasted memory, because unnecessary grad for each op were automatically created: the automatically generated grad was unnecessary because we later manually set the grad (e.g. t35->grad = expand(gb, ...) ). this discarded the automatically generated grad resulting in wasted memory. improved this by changing expand(..) to not use ggml_build_forward_expand. expand set cgraph->nodes but not the leafs. cgraph->leafs & cgraph->grads are set in another pass after the last expand call. * print used training seed * zero initialize gfbuf and gbbuf * ci : re-enable workflows + add README for training --------- Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
2023-06-13 19:04:40 +00:00
// initialize optimizer context
GGML_API void ggml_opt_init(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_opt_context * opt,
struct ggml_opt_params params,
int64_t nx);
// continue optimizing the function defined by the tensor f
GGML_API enum ggml_opt_result ggml_opt_resume(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_opt_context * opt,
struct ggml_tensor * f);
// continue optimizing the function defined by the tensor f
GGML_API enum ggml_opt_result ggml_opt_resume_g(
struct ggml_context * ctx,
struct ggml_opt_context * opt,
struct ggml_tensor * f,
struct ggml_cgraph * gf,
struct ggml_cgraph * gb);
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
//
// quantization
//
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_q4_0(const float * src, void * dst, int n, int k, int64_t * hist);
GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_q4_1(const float * src, void * dst, int n, int k, int64_t * hist);
GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_q5_0(const float * src, void * dst, int n, int k, int64_t * hist);
GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_q5_1(const float * src, void * dst, int n, int k, int64_t * hist);
GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_q8_0(const float * src, void * dst, int n, int k, int64_t * hist);
2023-03-10 18:40:58 +00:00
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
GGML_API size_t ggml_quantize_chunk(enum ggml_type type, const float * src, void * dst, int start, int n, int64_t * hist);
2023-03-10 18:40:58 +00:00
2023-04-24 19:18:25 +00:00
//
// system info
//
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GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_avx (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_avx2 (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_avx512 (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vbmi(void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_avx512_vnni(void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_fma (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_neon (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_arm_fma (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_f16c (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_fp16_va (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_wasm_simd (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_blas (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_cublas (void);
ggml : add CLBlast support (#1164) * Allow use of OpenCL GPU-based BLAS using ClBlast instead of OpenBLAS for context processing * Improve ClBlast implementation, avoid recreating buffers, remove redundant transfers * Finish merge of ClBlast support * Move CLBlast implementation to separate file Add buffer reuse code (adapted from slaren's cuda implementation) * Add q4_2 and q4_3 CLBlast support, improve code * Double CLBlast speed by disabling OpenBLAS thread workaround Co-authored-by: Concedo <39025047+LostRuins@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: slaren <2141330+slaren@users.noreply.github.com> * Fix device selection env variable names * Fix cast in opencl kernels * Add CLBlast to CMakeLists.txt * Replace buffer pool with static buffers a, b, qb, c Fix compile warnings * Fix typos, use GGML_TYPE defines, improve code * Improve btype dequant kernel selection code, add error if type is unsupported * Improve code quality * Move internal stuff out of header * Use internal enums instead of CLBlast enums * Remove leftover C++ includes and defines * Make event use easier to read Co-authored-by: Henri Vasserman <henv@hot.ee> * Use c compiler for opencl files * Simplify code, fix include * First check error, then release event * Make globals static, fix indentation * Rename dequant kernels file to conform with other file names * Fix import cl file name --------- Co-authored-by: Concedo <39025047+LostRuins@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: slaren <2141330+slaren@users.noreply.github.com> Co-authored-by: Henri Vasserman <henv@hot.ee> Co-authored-by: Georgi Gerganov <ggerganov@gmail.com>
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GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_clblast (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_gpublas (void);
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GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_sse3 (void);
GGML_API int ggml_cpu_has_vsx (void);
//
// Internal types and functions exposed for tests and benchmarks
//
#ifdef __cplusplus
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// restrict not standard in C++
#define GGML_RESTRICT
#else
#define GGML_RESTRICT restrict
#endif
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typedef void (*dequantize_row_q_t)(const void * GGML_RESTRICT x, float * GGML_RESTRICT y, int k);
typedef void (*quantize_row_q_t) (const float * GGML_RESTRICT x, void * GGML_RESTRICT y, int k);
typedef void (*vec_dot_q_t) (const int n, float * GGML_RESTRICT s, const void * GGML_RESTRICT x, const void * GGML_RESTRICT y);
typedef struct {
dequantize_row_q_t dequantize_row_q;
quantize_row_q_t quantize_row_q;
quantize_row_q_t quantize_row_q_reference;
quantize_row_q_t quantize_row_q_dot;
vec_dot_q_t vec_dot_q;
enum ggml_type vec_dot_type;
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} quantize_fns_t;
quantize_fns_t ggml_internal_get_quantize_fn(size_t i);
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#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif