add queue

content/docs/dsa/queue.md

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+---
+title: "Queue"
+weight: 2
+# bookFlatSection: false
+# bookToc: true
+# bookHidden: false
+# bookCollapseSection: false
+# bookComments: false
+# bookSearchExclude: false
+---
+
+# Queue
+
+A queue in data structures and algorithms is a linear collection of elements that follows the
+First-In-First-Out (FIFO) principle. This means that the first element added to the queue will be
+the first one to be removed. Queues are used when there's a need to process elements sequentially,
+maintaining the order in which they were received or inserted.
+
+<!--more-->
+
+Queues have various applications and can be implemented using different data structures such as
+arrays, linked lists (singly or doubly), or even specialized queues like circular queues that help
+optimize space efficiency by reusing unused memory slots.
+
+Key operations associated with queues include:
+
+- **Enqueue**: Add an element to the rear end of the queue.
+- **Dequeue**: Remove and return the front element from the queue.
+- **Peek or Front**: Return the value at the front without removing it, useful for checking what's
+  next in line.
+- **isEmpty**: Check if the queue is empty.
+- **IsFull (for some implementations like fixed-size queues)**: Determine whether the queue has
+  reached its maximum capacity.
+
+Queues are crucial in various algorithms and systems, such as scheduling tasks in operating systems,
+handling events or requests in event-driven programming, managing task processing in concurrent
+systems (like thread execution order), and serving a fundamental role in network buffering and data
+streaming applications.
+
+## Algorithm
+
+Queues can be implemented using an array or a linked list. The use cases, pros and cons are the same as explained in [stack](../stack#algorithm). A typical queue implementation using array and linked list are outlined below:
+
+1. **Enqueue (Adding an Element)**: When you want to add an element to the queue, we follow these
+   steps:
+
+   - Check if there is space in the queue (i.e., it isn't full). In a fixed-size queue, this
+     involves checking if there are any unused slots left after adding the new item.
+   - Add the new element at the rear of the queue. If you're using an array implementation and reach
+     its end, you would typically wrap around to start positioning the next element (like in a circular
+     queue). This step involves updating pointers or indexes that mark where elements begin and end
+     within the data structure.
+
+2. **Dequeue (Removing an Element)**: To remove an element from the queue while maintaining the FIFO
+   order, do this:
+
+   - Check if there's any element to dequeue—if the queue is empty, you cannot proceed with removal.
+   - Remove and return the front element of the queue. This involves taking the first element out of
+     the collection that has been maintained by your enqueue operations.
+   - If using an array implementation, after removing an item from the start, we typically move all
+     subsequent elements one position forward to fill in the gap left by the removed element (like
+     shifting items downwards).
+
+3. **Peek or Front**: This operation doesn't modify the queue but allows you to look at what the
+   next item to be dequeued would be without actually removing it. Essentially, you access the element
+   at the front of your queue. In an array-based implementation, this is just a read operation on the
+   first index or position in the queue where elements are stored.
+
+4. **IsEmpty**: This check simply tells you whether there's anything to enqueue or dequeue—it
+   returns true if no element is present and false otherwise. For an array-based queue, this can be as
+   simple as checking if your front index points at a valid element (i.e., not zero in the case of a
+   non-zero indexed array).
+
+5. **IsFull**: Only for fixed-size queues. It checks whether all slots are occupied and no room is
+   left to add new elements. This would involve comparing an internal size counter or index against the
+   defined capacity of your queue.
+
+When implementing a queue algorithm, it's also essential to handle edge cases appropriately, like
+dealing with operations on an empty queue, ensuring efficiency in terms of time complexity for each
+operation (especially important for large queues), and maintaining data integrity throughout the
+process.
+
+In this case, we will only look at enqueue and dequeue operations. Implementing `peek`, `IsEmpty` and `IsFull` is trivial as it simply involves looking at the pointer and deciding the course of action.
+
+### Pseudocode
+
+```
+Add(item)
+// Insert item in the circular queue stored in q[0 : n - 1].
+// rear points to the alst item, and front is one
+// position counterclockwise from the first item in q
+{
+    rear := (rear + 1) mod n; // Advance rear clockwise
+    if (front == rear) then
+    {
+        write("Queue is full");
+        if (front == 0) then rear := n - 1;
+        else rear := rear -1;
+        // Move rear one position counterclockwise
+        return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        q[rear] := item; // Insert new item
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+
+Remove(item)
+// Removes and returns the front element of the queue q[0 : n - 1]
+{
+    if (front == rear) then
+    {
+        write("Queue is empty");
+        return false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        front := (front + 1) mod n; // Advance front clockwise
+        item := q[front]; // Set item to front of queue
+        return true;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Code
+
+```cpp
+import <optional>;
+import <print>;
+
+struct Node {
+  ssize_t data{};
+  Node *link{};
+};
+
+Node *rear{}, *front{};
+
+auto add(const ssize_t &item) -> void {
+  auto temp{new Node};
+  temp->data = item;
+  rear ? rear->link = temp : nullptr;
+  rear = temp;
+  if (front == nullptr)
+    front = temp;
+}
+
+auto remove() -> std::optional<decltype(front->data)> {
+  if (front == nullptr)
+    return std::nullopt;
+  auto temp{front};
+  std::optional<decltype(front->data)> temp_data{front->data};
+  front = front->link;
+  delete temp;
+  return temp_data;
+}
+
+auto remove_and_print_result() -> void {
+  if (auto result{remove()}; result.has_value()) {
+    std::println("{}", result.value());
+  } else {
+    std::println("empty");
+  }
+}
+
+int main() {
+  add(34);
+  add(87);
+  add(54);
+
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+
+  return 0;
+}
+```
+
+This is a very basic implementation and design specifics will require you to implement it in a slightly different way but the crux remains the same.
+
+### Explanation
+
+1. **Structure and Global Variables**
+
+```cpp
+struct Node {
+  ssize_t data{};
+  Node *link{};
+};
+
+Node *rear{}, *front{};
+```
+
+- `struct Node` defines a node in the linked list, containing:
+  - `ssize_t data{}`: the data stored in the node, initialized to zero.
+  - `Node *link{}`: a pointer to the next node in the list, initialized to `nullptr`.
+  - `Node *rear{}, *front{}`; are global pointers to the rear (end) and front (beginning) of the queue, both initialized to `nullptr`.
+
+2. **`add()` Function**
+
+```cpp
+auto add(const ssize_t &item) -> void {
+  auto temp{new Node};
+  temp->data = item;
+  rear ? rear->link = temp : nullptr;
+  rear = temp;
+  if (front == nullptr)
+    front = temp;
+}
+```
+
+- `add(const ssize_t &item)`: Adds a new item to the queue.
+  - Creates a new Node and assigns it to `temp`.
+  - Sets `temp->data` to the item being added.
+  - If `rear` is not `nullptr`, sets `rear->link` to `temp`.
+  - Updates `rear` to `temp`.
+  - If `front` is `nullptr` (queue was empty), sets `front` to `temp`.
+
+3. **`remove()` Function**
+
+```cpp
+auto remove() -> std::optional<decltype(front->data)> {
+  if (front == nullptr)
+    return std::nullopt;
+  auto temp{front};
+  std::optional<decltype(front->data)> temp_data{front->data};
+  front = front->link;
+  delete temp;
+  return temp_data;
+}
+```
+
+- `remove()`: Removes an item from the front of the queue and returns it.
+  - If `front` is `nullptr`, returns `std::nullopt` (indicating the queue is empty).
+  - Saves the current front node in `temp`.
+  - Stores the data of the front node in a `std::optional` called `temp_data`.
+  - Updates `front` to the next node (`front->link`).
+  - Deletes the old front node (`temp`).
+  - Returns `temp_data`.
+
+4. **`remove_and_print_result()` Function**
+
+```cpp
+auto remove_and_print_result() -> void {
+  if (auto result{remove()}; result.has_value()) {
+    std::println("{}", result.value());
+  } else {
+    std::println("empty");
+  }
+}
+```
+
+- `remove_and_print_result()`: Removes an item from the queue and prints the result.
+  - Calls `remove()` and stores the result in `result`.
+  - If `result` has a value, prints the value.
+  - Otherwise, prints "empty".
+
+5. **`main()` Function**
+
+```cpp
+int main() {
+  add(34);
+  add(87);
+  add(54);
+
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+
+  return 0;
+}
+```
+
+- `main()`: The main entry point of the program.
+  - Adds three items (34, 87, 54) to the queue using `add()`.
+  - Calls `remove_and_print_result()` four times, attempting to remove and print items from the queue. Since there are only three items, the fourth call will print "empty".
+
+## Code (using smart pointers)
+
+Usage of raw pointers should be avoided whenever possible for safety reasons. Here is a possible implementation using smart pointers.
+
+```cpp
+import <memory>;
+import <optional>;
+import <print>;
+
+struct Node;
+
+using node_ptr_t = std::shared_ptr<Node>;
+
+struct Node {
+  ssize_t data{};
+  std::shared_ptr<Node> link{};
+
+  Node() = default;
+  Node(Node &&) = default;
+  explicit Node(ssize_t data, node_ptr_t link)
+      : data(std::move(data)), link(link) {}
+  Node &operator=(Node &&) = default;
+  Node(const Node &) = delete;
+  Node &operator=(const Node &) = delete;
+};
+
+node_ptr_t rear{}, front{};
+
+auto add(const ssize_t &item) -> void {
+  auto temp{std::make_shared<Node>()};
+  temp->data = item;
+  rear ? rear->link = temp : nullptr;
+  rear = temp;
+  if (front == nullptr)
+    front = temp;
+}
+
+auto remove() -> std::optional<decltype(front->data)> {
+  if (front == nullptr)
+    return std::nullopt;
+  auto temp{front};
+  std::optional<decltype(front->data)> temp_data{front->data};
+  front = front->link;
+  return temp_data;
+}
+
+auto remove_and_print_result() -> void {
+  if (auto result{remove()}; result.has_value()) {
+    std::println("{}", result.value());
+  } else {
+    std::println("empty");
+  }
+}
+
+int main() {
+  add(34);
+  add(87);
+  add(54);
+
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+  remove_and_print_result();
+
+  return 0;
+}
+```
+
+Same as usual, except no `new` and `delete` operators.
+
+## Output
+
+```console
+❯ ./main
+34
+87
+54
+empty
+```

hugo.toml

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ enableGitInfo = true
 [menu]
 [[menu.after]]
   name = "Gitea"
-  url = "https://gitea.adityakumar.xyz/dsa"
+  url = "https://gitea.adityakumar.xyz/aditya/dsa"
   weight = 10
 
 [params]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ enableGitInfo = true
 
   # Source repo location
   # Used for 'Last Modified' and 'Edit this page' links
-  BookRepo = 'https://gitea.adityakumar.xyz/dsa'
+  BookRepo = 'https://gitea.adityakumar.xyz/aditya/dsa'
 
   # (Optional, default 'commit') Specifies commit portion of the link to the page's last modified
   # commit hash for 'doc' page type.